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Mitchell Standard #532

Mitchell Standard sn. 532 vintage 35mm motion picture film camera originally purchased by the United States Army Signal Corps in 1943

$4,900
Item #13048


Mitchell Standard sn. 532 vintage 35mm motion picture film camera originally purchased by the United States Army Signal Corps in 1943

Mitchell Standard #532 was originally purchased by the United States Army Signal Corps in 1943. We acquired it in 2021 from the camera inventory of John Lemmon Films, Inc., a studio based in Charlotte, North Carolina who specialized in clay animation. When the camera arrived in our shop, I found that the variable shutter blade had been removed, along with the automatic fade-dissolve gears. The fade in and fade out buttons on the rear of the camera had been disabled by removing the gear on the variable shutter shaft and breaking off the fade in button, so the drive gear that operates the camera dissolve mechanism was now inoperable. Parts were pulled from inventory to make the outside adjustable shutter controls work once more. I was able to repair and reinstall the variable shutter. The fade in knob was re-machined so it could be mounted back onto the camera. Unfortunately, I did not have the parts to re-establish the automatic fade system, so you are now only able to manually adjust the shutter angle from the controls on the back of the camera. Keeping with its roots in animation, we have outfitted Mitchell Standard #532 with a Mitchell bi-pack magazine and a Nikon Nikkor 50mm f1.4 lens. A perfect starting setup for matte painting or animation work!

John Lemmon Films, Inc. was active between 1984 and 2018, and employed Mitchell Standard #532 in their work on numerous television and advertising projects in the 1980’s and 90’s. Some highlights of these projects include a series of ads for the supermarket chain Food Lion that featured their clay animated lion mascot. The Mitchell camera was also used to create a series of clay animated bumpers for the Cartoon Network for their “No Brainer Afternoons” after school programming block.

In the early 1990’s, Mitchell #532 was used to create a series of commercials for Pacific Bell that employed many bas-relief clay sculptures that were placed on multiple layers of glass. It was during this shoot that the camera’s variable shutter was removed after a majority of the footage was found to be under-exposed. Another series of commercials were created for Homevestors featuring a clay animated caveman named Ug with the tagline “Ug loves ugly houses”.

Prior to its time at John Lemmon Films, Mitchell Standard #532 was originally acquired by the United States Army Signal Corps on February 6, 1943. The US Army became the first in the world to have a separate communication branch when the Signal Corps was officially established in 1863. Army doctor Albert James Myers first conceived of a separate, professionally trained military signal service in 1856 while serving as a medical officer in Texas. Myers used sign language to develop a semaphore system he called Wigwag that employed red and white flags. The Army adopted the Wigwag system in 1860 and Myers became the first, and initially the only, Signal Officer. Over time, the Signal Corps expanded beyond the line-of-sight Wigwag system and began to employ air balloons, the telegraph, the heliograph, telephones, and airplanes.

By the end of the Civil War, a coast to coast telegraphic network had been laid by the Signal Corps. As World War I approached, communications methods continued to adapt and improve. More wireless communications methods were adopted, and radar, and sonar technologies were added to their arsenal. In 1958, with the help of the Air Force, the Signal Corps launched its first communications satellite and demonstrated the viability of worldwide satellite communications. They also pioneered the use of codes and signal encryption to help protect secure messages sent using these new wireless communication methods. Today, the Signal Corps manages all telecommunications and information systems, including voice and data systems, Internet networks, and computer systems.

Photo Gallery:

Mitchell Standard sn. 532 vintage 35mm motion picture film camera originally purchased by the United States Army Signal Corps in 1943
Mitchell Standard sn. 532 vintage 35mm motion picture film camera originally purchased by the United States Army Signal Corps in 1943
Mitchell Standard sn. 532 vintage 35mm motion picture film camera originally purchased by the United States Army Signal Corps in 1943
Mitchell Standard sn. 532 vintage 35mm motion picture film camera originally purchased by the United States Army Signal Corps in 1943
Mitchell Standard sn. 532 vintage 35mm motion picture film camera originally purchased by the United States Army Signal Corps in 1943
Mitchell Standard sn. 532 vintage 35mm motion picture film camera originally purchased by the United States Army Signal Corps in 1943

A History of the Mitchell Camera Corporation

When the Mitchell Standard hit the market in 1921, it was met with immediate praise and a flood of orders. Four years of hard work had gone into the camera’s design, and what emerged was a camera that left a lasting impact on the motion picture industry. The Mitchell Camera Corporation traces its origins back to a wooden rackover camera designed and patented by John E. Leonard. Around 1916, Leonard demonstrated his camera at Universal Studios, where they had been making a popular series of animated cartoons that featured live actors superimposed over chalk drawings. Leonard’s camera utilized his unique rackover focusing mechanism which left the taking lens stationary and moved the camera between the film plane and the viewfinder, an ideal setup for this sort of work. Universal was not interested in building their own cameras, but among those who witnessed Leonard’s demonstration was one George A. Mitchell. At the time, Mitchell was working in the Universal Photographic Department’s camera repair shop under department head John M. Nickolaus.

George Alfred Mitchell was born in Tennessee around the turn of the 20th century. Mitchell’s interest in photography began in childhood when he took his first photos with a cardboard camera. He joined the Army Signal Corps and was stationed in Alaska in 1907. In the spring of 1911, after being discharged from the Army, Mitchell moved to California where he found work as a machinist at Frese Optical Company in Los Angeles. Frese serviced and repaired surveying and drafting equipment, along with a variety of other precision instruments. By 1914, they had become one of the few locations in southern California where cinematographers could get their cameras repaired or modified, or have replacement parts machined. Mitchell’s previous experience with photography led him to become a camera technician at Frese. This acquired expertise in turn helped Mitchell get a job in the camera repair shop at Universal Studios, where he repaired and modified cameras based on cinematographer’s requests. Mitchell also found occasional work around the studio as an extra cameraman. By working in the studio repair shop and on set, Mitchell was able to see firsthand what cameramen wanted in their cameras and what improvements needed to be made to the existing equipment to make those changes happen.

When he saw Leonard’s camera demonstration in 1916, Mitchell was very impressed and, while the studio wasn’t interested in producing Leonard’s design, the two men kept in touch. The Spanish Flu epidemic hit the country, and the studios, very hard in 1918, and Mitchell was laid off from Universal as a result. Luckily, he was able to return to his previous job at Frese where he worked his way up to shop foreman. While back at Frese, Mitchell was approached by Leonard for help to build a steadier movement for his camera. Based on Leonard’s original design, Mitchell built a new movement that used stationary registration pins for increased steadiness. After installing the redesigned movement in the improved camera, Leonard used it to shoot a movie called “The Kentucky Colonel,” produced by William “Smiling Bill” Parsons of the National Film Corporation of America.

After the movie was completed, Leonard convinced Parsons to help him raise money to manufacture the camera. To that end, Parsons formed a corporation called the National Motion Picture Camera Corporation with Parsons as president and Leonard as a stockholder. A camera based on Leonard’s improved design was built by the Hunt Machine Company in Los Angeles. This camera was sold to cinematographer Homer Scott, who took it to Australia where it was sadly lost. Leonard and Parsons were still not satisfied with this version of the camera, so they once again reached out to Mitchell for help. Mitchell left his position as shop foreman at Frese to join Leonard and Parsons, and to design a new camera from scratch. Parsons was still seeking investors in their new company, and so sold a big block of stock to a group of ranchers from the Pacific Northwest. One of these investors, a Mr. Logan, was made a director of the National Motion Picture Camera Corporation, and the company rented office and machine shop space on Santa Monica Boulevard in the former Berwilla Studio.

Mitchell had barely begun work on the design of the new camera when Parsons suddenly died after a brief illness in 1919 at the age of 41. When Parsons’ estate was settled, Logan acquired all of the shares of the company. Leonard had borrowed money from Parsons in excess of the value of his stock, and so found his shares forfeit. He withdrew from the company entirely. Logan now persuaded Mitchell to keep the business going as a repair shop. This turned out to be a huge success, and not only was Logan able to recoup his investment, but Mitchell was able to resume work on his new camera.

By the Fall of 1920, Mitchell had completed a prototype of the new camera and had it ready for testing. With the help of his friend, cinematographer Charles Rosher, Mitchell was given the opportunity to use his prototype as a third camera on Mary Pickford’s film “The Love Light” (1921). Tests were successful, and Mitchell was happy with his design. Shortly after these initial tests, Logan sold his interest in the company to Harry F. Boeger, a retired lumberman, and gave Mitchell some of his stock from the Parsons estate. Mitchell’s name was on several of the company’s patents, and so in exchange for the patents, Boeger offered Mitchell a one sixth interest in the company, and made him chief designer. Boeger also changed the name of the company to the Mitchell Camera Corporation.

With corporate matters now mostly settled, it was time to offer the new camera for sale to the movie industry. Mitchell’s prototype was a huge departure from Leonard’s original design, but it did incorporate a much-refined version of the rackover mechanism that had so impressed Mitchell in Leonard’s initial demonstration. The new Mitchell Standard camera was constructed of metal rather than wood and featured a totally redesigned movement. This movement differed from Leonard’s design by using moving registration pins and pull-down claws operated by gears and cams. This made for a smoother, quieter film transport mechanism. The camera also included a built-in set of adjustable mattes, an internal floating iris behind the lens, a built-in turret disc with filter and effects mattes, and a 170-degree automatic dissolve shutter.

The first Mitchell Standard off the production line was sold to cinematographer Charles Van Enger in 1921. Charles Rosher, Tony Gaudio, and Sol Polito were among the early cameramen who adopted the new Mitchell Standard camera. Mitchell’s camera quickly gained a reputation for being steady, reliable, and user-friendly. Over time, the Standard, and the camera models that followed, came to be Hollywood’s cameras of choice for feature film, television, and commercial production.

The Mitchell GC (“Government Camera”) was adapted from the Mitchell Standard sometime in the 1930’s or 40’s as a more economical model designed originally for the United States military. Features such as the built-in variable effects mattes and the floating iris were eliminated, and a more industrial finish was used on the movement and other precision parts. Later in the development cycle, two chronograph models were added to the GC line. The chronograph cameras incorporated more scientifically oriented instrumentation for the aircraft and missile industries, as well as other military applications. Both the stock GC and the chronograph models formed the backbone of U.S. military’s camera inventory. The Mitchell GC remained a core part of Mitchell’s product line through the 1970’s.

In 1932, as sound films took over the industry, and in an effort to reduce the operating noise of their cameras, Mitchell introduced a new model called the NC, or “Newsreel Camera”. Originally designed for the Westinghouse Corporation, the NC represents a significant change in the design of the film transport and shutter drive mechanisms from those on the earlier Mitchell Standard. The NC features a series of eccentrics and levers that work together to transport the film. Commonly referred to as the compensating link movement, it eliminated the gears and cams that operated the pull-down and registration pins found in the Standard, replacing them with eccentrics. While not completely silent, the NC was a marked improvement over the Standard in terms of camera noise. Both the Standard/GC and NC models were manufactured concurrently through the 1970’s.

Sources:
  1. Robert V. Kerns, "The Mitchell Camera Story," American Cinematographer, (April 1968): 272-4, 296-301.
  2. Charles Loring, "The Mitchell: Hollywood's favorite studio camera," American Cinematographer, (March 1959): 174-5, 194-7.
  3. Charles Loring, "The Mitchell: Part II," American Cinematographer, (May 1959): 294-5, 312-14.
  4. "National Film Capitalized at $100,000," Motion Picture News, (May 29, 1915): 65.
  5. "National Film Corporation Scene of Great Activity," The Moving Picture World, (October 4, 1919): 138.
  6. Ira B. Hoke, "Mitchell Camera Nears Majority," American Cinematographer, (December 1938): 495-6, 522-3.
  7. Arthur Frese, telegram to Anderson Land & Loan Co., January 7, 1913.
  8. Sol Polito, "The BNC Mitchell Silent Camera," International Photographer, (May 1939): 6-9.
  9. "Mitchell Blimp", American Cinematographer, (February 1949): 69.
  10. "Photography in Rocket Tests," Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, (February 1950): 145.
  11. Joseph V. Mascelli, "Mitchell Introduces New 35mm Reflex Camera," American Cinematographer, (June 1960): 360, 371-3.
  12. "Mitchell R-35 Reflex," ad in American Cinematographer, (July 1960): 389.
  13. Joseph Henry, "The Mitchell Mark II Reflex," American Cinematographer, (January 1963): 36-7, 52.
  14. Handbook Operation and Service Instructions: 35mm High Speed Chronograph Motion Picture Cameras Types "A" and "B", Published under authority of the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics, revised (February 1, 1958).
  15. J.E. Leonard. Film Moving Mechanism for Motion Picture Cameras. US Patent 1,390,247, filed March 30, 1920, and issued September 6, 1921.
  16. J.E. Leonard. Adjustable Iris for Cameras. US Patent 1,392,876, filed November 1, 1919 and issued October 4, 1921.
  17. J.E. Leonard. Adjustable Iris and Curtain for Cameras. US Patent 1,396,717, filed December 4, 1919 and issued November 8, 1921.
  18. George A. Mitchell. Kinetograph Movement. US Patent 1,403,339, filed May 12, 1920 and issued January 10, 1922.
  19. George A. Mitchell. Viewing Device for Cameras. US Patent 1,646,829, filed July 16, 1925 and issued October 25, 1927.
  20. George A. Mitchell. Movement Mechanism for Cameras and the Like. US Patent 1,648,559, filed December 7, 1925 and issued November 8 1927.
  21. George A. Mitchell. Dissolving Shutter. US Patent 1,812,056, filed August 10, 1929 and issued June 30, 1931.
  22. George A. Mitchell. Film Movement. US Patent 1,850,411, filed April 25, 1930 and issued March 22, 1932.
  23. George A. Mitchell. Film Movement. US Patent 1,851,400, filed April 25, 1930 and issued March 29, 1932.
  24. George A. Mitchell. Film Movement. US Patent 1,912,535, filed April 25, 1930 and issued June 6, 1933.
  25. George A. Mitchell and Edmund Lindgren. Kinetograph Movement. US Patent 1,954,885, filed August 7, 1929 and issued April 17, 1934.
  26. George A. Mitchell. Camera Focusing Mechanism. US Patent 2,000,090, filed February 23, 1934 and issued May 7, 1935.
  27. George A. Mitchell. Operating Means for Four-way View Mats. US Patent 2,058,813, filed October 16, 1933 and issued October 27, 1936.
  28. George A. Mitchell. View Finder Parallax and Photographic Lens Focusing Mechanism for Motion Picture Cameras. US Patent 2,012,515, filed March 16, 1934 and issued August 27, 1935.
  29. George A. Mitchell. Sound Insulated Motion Picture Camera. US Patent 2,088,714, filed May 7, 1934 and issued August 3, 1937.
  30. George A. Mitchell. Shutter Dissolve Mechanism. US Patent 2,088,715, filed May 7, 1934 and issued August 3, 1937.